A short lesson / Reading nodes

Follow the wire.
Understand the node.

Two real circuits. One idea: connectivity comes before the calculation.

01 / Follow a conductor

A node is more than a dot.

Follow each uninterrupted conductor. Every point on it belongs to the same electrical node, whether the drawing includes a dot there or not. A resistor sits between two different nodes.

Start at VIN, cross R1 to the output, then cross R2 to the ground reference. These are three nodes, not three junction dots. VIN and VOUT are ports; no voltage source is hidden in this drawing.

The host owns selection, theme and values. Hover or focus previews a node; the SVG download keeps only your saved selection.

Three nodes, two resistorsThree nodes, two resistors. R1: resistor, 10 kΩ. R2: resistor, 10 kΩ. ground: GND connected to R2.b. input: R1.a connected to VIN. output: R1.b connected to R2.a connected to VOUT. VOUT/VIN = Rbottom/(Rtop+Rbottom) = 0.5. Ideal, unloaded voltage divider. A connected load changes this ratio.. Focus components: none. Focus nets: none.. A (input): VIN and R1.a share the input node. VIN is a terminal, not a drawn voltage source.. B (output): R1.b, R2.a and VOUT share one output node, including the branch to VOUT.. C (ground): R2.b connects to GND, the reference node. R2 separates this conductor from B.. A, B and C identify whole electrical nodes. The resistors separate them; a junction dot only marks a connection within a node.
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VIN and R1.a share the input node. VIN is a terminal, not a drawn voltage source.
R1.b, R2.a and VOUT share one output node, including the branch to VOUT.
R2.b connects to GND, the reference node. R2 separates this conductor from B.

All nets shown. No selection.

A, B and C identify whole electrical nodes. The resistors separate them; a junction dot only marks a connection within a node.
02 / Follow the feedback

Near ground is not wired to ground.

The summing node B connects the input resistor, feedback resistor and inverting input. The ground node D connects the noninverting input. There is no wire between B and D.

“Virtual ground” describes an ideal operating condition under negative feedback, not an extra connection. Follow RF from C back to B and compare it with the separate supply nodes E and F.

This second figure has its own selection. Changing it never changes the divider above. All six labels remain available by keyboard.

Feedback is a connection, not a ground wireFeedback is a connection, not a ground wire. RF: resistor, 100 kΩ. RIN: resistor, 10 kΩ. U1: op-amp, Ideal op-amp. ground: GND connected to U1.noninverting. input: RIN.a connected to VIN. negative_supply: U1.vminus connected to VMINUS. output: RF.b connected to U1.output connected to VOUT. positive_supply: U1.vplus connected to VPLUS. summing: RF.a connected to RIN.b connected to U1.inverting. VOUT/VIN = -Rfeedback/Rin. Ideal linear negative feedback only. Virtual ground is not wired to GND; rails, bandwidth and saturation are not simulated.. Focus components: none. Focus nets: none.. A (input): VIN connects to RIN.a. RIN separates the input node from the summing node.. B (summing): RIN.b, RF.a and U1.inverting share the summing node. It is not wired to GND.. C (output): U1.output, RF.b and VOUT share the output node. RF returns feedback to B.. D (ground): U1.noninverting connects to GND. This reference node is distinct from B.. E (positive_supply): VPLUS connects to U1.vplus, the positive supply pin, not the signal input.. F (negative_supply): VMINUS connects to U1.vminus, the negative supply pin, not the inverting input.. In the ideal negative-feedback model, B can be near the reference voltage without being connected to ground. This drawing shows connectivity, not a simulation.
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VIN connects to RIN.a. RIN separates the input node from the summing node.
RIN.b, RF.a and U1.inverting share the summing node. It is not wired to GND.
U1.output, RF.b and VOUT share the output node. RF returns feedback to B.
U1.noninverting connects to GND. This reference node is distinct from B.
VPLUS connects to U1.vplus, the positive supply pin, not the signal input.
VMINUS connects to U1.vminus, the negative supply pin, not the inverting input.

All nets shown. No selection.

In the ideal negative-feedback model, B can be near the reference voltage without being connected to ground. This drawing shows connectivity, not a simulation.